Types: PowerPoint Presentations, Activities. Copyright © Spiritual Ray & Buzzle.com, Inc. However, they held a much stricter view of it in that they believed that Original Sin colored everything -- people's thoughts, feelings and actions. 6789 Quail Hill Pkwy, Suite 211 Irvine CA 92603. The man was supposed to be the head of the family and the wife was the one responsible for the taking care of the house and the kids. The discussion of Puritans faith and beliefs on marriage would be incomplete without discussing their beliefs on divorce! Wrote the enormously best-selling An Alarm to the Unconverted, a good example of Puritan evangelism. Read More. They also made sure that everyone was educated enough to read and understand the Bible as it was the main source of living their lives and the only source of obtaining God’s forgiveness to overcome the sin. Whether you’re studying times tables or applying to college, Classroom has the answers. An example for the same would be that the Puritans believed that the church is owned only by God and therefore there should be no Bishops or popes in the Church. Spell. Powerful Mantras for Love and Relationships, Meditative Exercises to Strengthen Your Mind. In the Puritan life they believed in staying true to the divine law but doing everything in moderation. The Puritans were already becoming every bit as cruel as the people they’d tried to escape. The Puritans were very disciplined when it came to living the life as the Bible instructed. God had provided these forms, and He had created the men to fill them; but as they came from his hands, men enjoyed only one social relationship, the natural one which they bore to their parents. They believed that God expected them to live according to the Scriptures, to reform the Anglican Church, and to set a good example that would cause those who … Times of prayer could also be as long. Mostly seen as an Orthodox society, this article will tell you about the beliefs and values based on which the Puritans lived their lives, purely devoted to God. The Puritans emerged in the 16th century as a reform movement within the Church of England. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. You can rea Wrote the enormously best-selling An Alarm to the Unconverted, a good example of Puritan evangelism. 1. They believed that their destiny is predetermined by God in terms of the souls that will be saved and the ones which will not. Well, this statement is true and not. We've created informative articles that you can come back to again and again when you have questions or want to learn more! Though people see the Puritans as people who force their rules upon others, a closer study of their beliefs and religion would definitely make you see a valid point in their religion or faith, at least to some extent. The Puritans also followed Hammurabi’s Code that states witchcraft is a serious crime, and it required the punishment of death as the penalty for practicing it. That the rituals, ceremonies and teachings developed over centuries by the Catholic Church went against God’s original intentions for his people. “The God of order who made the creatures subordinate to man had arranged human society into a network of dual relationships (relatives) in which one party was usually subordinate to the other: rule and subject, husband and wife, parent and child, master and servant. Mostly seen as an Orthodox society, this article will tell you about the beliefs and values based on which the Puritans lived their lives, purely devoted to God. The Puritans were very strict in following the rules of marriage and loyalty! Back in England, the Puritans had been people of means and political influence, but King Charles would not tolerate their attempts to reform the Church of England. The term “predestination” means that believers are preordained or chosen to be among the elect of God before they were born. In the early 20th century, Max Weber argued in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism that Puritan beliefs in predestination resulted in a Protestant work ethic that created capitalism. Well, we're looking for good writers who want to spread the word. Of course, they are strictly against adultery and the punishment for the same is death! We hope you enjoy this website. While other Christian denominations do believe that people can choose salvation, Puritans believed that the choice was God's alone. One of these beliefs was the Calvinist principle of predestination. The Puritans believed that the God ruled everything including who was worthy of salvation. All features of salvation are determined by God's sovereignty, including choosing those who will be saved and those who will receive God's irresistible grace. Writer of very popular devotional theology, including a massive commentary on 2 Peter. They followed Genesis 2:18(ESV) when it came to the purpose of marriage, which said, “It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him a helper fit for him.” Many think that Puritans are against sex, but that is wrong. 10 The First Quakers In America Were Stripped, Beaten, And Starved. William Gorge says,”they are required to be lovers of their husbands, as well as husbands to love their wives: so as it is a common duty belonging to the husband and wife too: and that this is true wedlock, when man and wife are linked together by the bound of love.” The Puritans believed that each and every family was united by God’s word, and that it is their duty to perform and conduct their family values as per the scripture, the thing is, that they followed it without any leniency. Not at all, says Bremer, at least when the nookie took place between husband and wife. First came the Pilgrims in the 1620s. Puritans believed that all people must live by the Bible and should have a deep familiarity with the text. Some attempted to reform the Church from within while many others left the Church of England to start anew. The Puritans believed God and His worship were important enough to reserve at least one full day out of the week, and the original Puritan settlers joyfully devoted Sunday to the Lord. The person would have complete power to understand the word of God, and would never turn towards evil. Puritans Lived Under Harsh Rules During the seventeenth century, the combined New England colonies formed a virtual Puritan commonwealth. Puritans believed that belief in Jesus and participation in the sacraments could not alone effect one's salvation; one cannot choose salvation, for that is the privilege of God alone. This is the reason why they had to immigrate from England to America. Presbyterian. In modern parlance, people who think sex is inherently sinful and dirty are said to have "puritanical" beliefs. 3. There were many Puritan beliefs that took off from the theories propounded by Calvinists and in a way the beliefs of Puritans was an inheritance from Calvinism. The church provides individuals with common shared experiences via the Scriptures, and a communal source of morality based on shared values. In fact, there strong beliefs and moral conducts can be an example to the rest of the world in some areas. Nor did the Puritans create the form of democracy used by the American government today. When someone is referred to as a “puritan”, it usually means that the person is very strict regarding religious and sexual conduct. Puritans, a subsect of Christianity, shared the normative belief that everyone was born with Original Sin -- the first sin in humanity committed by Adam and Eve. Puritans argued that the only person at the head of the church is Christ, and that each congregation should be responsible for its own members instead of answering to others. Unconditional Election God "saves" only those that he chooses; predestination. The Puritans therefore believed in the holy union of marriage which was nothing but the will of God, and it was their prime duty to obey His will to receive the covenant. However, they held a much stricter view of it in that they believed that Original Sin colored everything -- people's thoughts, feelings and actions. A person elected by God's grace would never depart from the path to salvation. Puritans believed that God chose who would be saved and who would be chosen for eternal damnation. Inspired by the leadership of John Calvin, the English Puritans believed in original sin and predestination. In all the above cases the innocent partner is allowed to remarry. Sign up to receive the latest and greatest articles from our site automatically each week (give or take)...right to your inbox. Both in the Puritan belief and the concept of the American Dream, becoming wealthy or even rich through hard work, discipline, honesty, foresight, and diligence is … Persecution mounted. Therefore, their approach to divorce is only under the following conditions. All of these groups were devoted to the Bible and to being morally pure. There are traditionally 5 Puritan "tenets" or values. One may also ask, why did Puritans wear black? The Puritan belief system of witchcraft originates back to ancient times from early Mesopotamian civilization. The Puritans were originally members of a group of English Protestants seeking "purity", further reforms or even separation from the established church, during the Reformation.The group is also extended to include some early colonial American ministers and important lay-leaders. The entire political and social system they established was built on the Puritan religion. Being chosen internally meant that God changed a person's heart to respond to the Gospel. They had separate governments, but their hopes, their laws and their past history were almost identical. All features of salvation are determined by God's sovereignty, including choosing those who will be saved and those who will receive God's irresistible grace. Basic Puritan beliefs are summarized by the acronym T.U.L.I.P. July 19, 2015, Neeshay I, Leave a comment. In England in 1530, the English separated from the Roman Catholic Church and reformed their beliefs. Puritans consider sex to be pure and a means to strengthen the unity and bond between a man and wife. Calvinists fell into the former category, as they believed that only God chose to whom to give salvation. The Puritans believed that Jesus died because of the original sin of Adam and Eve, and they being the descendants of them should honor the sacrifice by living a life which was governed by his commandments and instructions. 2. Create an illustration that represents each heading using appropriate scenes, characters, and items. The Puritans were influenced by Calvinism and adopted its beliefs in predestination and the sinful nature of man. Puritans called Rhode Island “the latrine of New England” because it permitted all sorts of religious beliefs and made no religious requirements for citizenship. As mentioned earlier, the Puritans hold matrimony extremely sacred and unified by God’s will. A Puritan Theology: Doctrine for Life offers a groundbreaking treatment of the Puritans teaching on most major Reformed doctrines, particularly those doctrines in which the Puritans made significant contributions. Puritans believed that, once God chose to elect someone for salvation, that person could never resist God's grace. Kevin Wandrei has written extensively on higher education. Let us understand more about them and find out. What are the basic Puritan beliefs? Save often! Puritanism beliefs• Role of women• Role of children• Native American fears• Salem Town vs. Sale. Puritans looked to The Bible primarily as their source of morality. Here, Casey Titus considers Puritan society in seventeenth century New England. The basis for the Puritan’s belief was an emphasis on the righteousness and sovereignty of God. The discussion of Puritans faith and beliefs on marriage would be incomplete without discussing their beliefs on divorce! By definition, understanding the word of God meant that someone would never depart from God's commands. Judgmental God (rewards good/punishes evil) Predestination/Election (salvation or damnation was predetermined by God) Original Sin (humans are innately sinful, tainted by the sins of Adam & Eve; good can be accomplished only through hard work & self-discipline) Providence. This belief is in stark contrast with other Christian denominations, which believe that even people who are saved sometimes fail to understand and can choose to depart from God. The Mesopotamian religion was polytheistic and they believed that gods created demons, and they could be good or evil. Puritans, a subsect of Christianity, shared the normative belief that everyone was born with Original Sin -- the first sin in humanity committed by Adam and Eve. Though seen as an orthodox and prudish society, the Puritans have an unconditional devotion towards the Bible and hold it to be the most important base of their lives. Presbyterian. The Puritans did not want to break away from the Church of England, but they wanted to reformed it. ‘All Relations which are neither [natural] nor violent, but voluntary, are by [virtue] of some covenant.’. The Puritan values that affected American society in both positive and negative ways continue to influence our nation today. Of course, their approach and methods could be very prude in some scenarios, but they do have some aspects which are worth appreciating. The most important parts of Puritanism were piety (obeying religious rules), dressing simply, and living a modest life. Unlike others, the Puritans believed in leading a simple and plain life according to the most supreme scripture of God, the Bible. A Puritan named John Cotton says, “There is no stricter or sweeter friendship than conjugal; as it was the first in the world, so it is most natural.“. The external calling was to preach the word of God to others. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. But were the Puritans as sexually repressed as we think? Furthermore, they did not believe in a separation of Church and State. To many, there seemed no hope b… Those who did not follow or openly denounced these rules were punished, forced to leave the colony, or both. Followers and believers were to be guided by governors to protect them and to punish sinners. Would you like to write for us? This belief system held that human beings were irredeemable creatures from the moment of their creation, and their only chance to attain everlasting life in heaven was through God's divine benevolence. They had strong religious beliefs and social customs, many of which were different to official Protestant teachings in England. The Puritans had a very strict and specific belief system and set of rules. Objective: Create a 3 cell spider map illustrating and describing Puritan beliefs. I hope you enjoyed reading this article as much as I did writing it. The Puritans believed in Biblical Absolutism, or that the Bible was the literal word of God and the highest authority. Puritanism has also been credited with the creation of modernity itself, from England's Scientific Revolution to the rise of democracy. When it came to sexual relations in marriage, the Puritans believed it to be the foundation of loyalty, purity and justness in a married relationship. Only those who God elected received the salvation benefits of Christ's atonement. Key Concepts: Terms in this set (11) What did the Puritans believe about God? Living a simple and humble life, the Puritans believed that their religion was the only religion which was correct and that the rest of the religions were related to Satan. The Puritans believed that the Church of England still have the Catholic influence. These cookies do not store any personal information. The Puritans' goal was to “purify” the official Church of England by restoring traditional biblical beliefs and practices rather than following church traditions. God bless! Origins of the Puritan Faith The Puritan religious faith originated in England during the early 1600s. Based on the Word Net lexical database for the English Language. The other forms of social relation had to be filled by the voluntary action of individuals. Let’s discuss their beliefs and practices in detail. Puritans believed that belief in Jesus and participation in the sacraments could not alone effect one's salvation; one cannot choose salvation, for that is the privilege of God alone. The Puritans ultimately decided to journey to the New World, too, but not for the same reasons as the Separatists. The Puritans were more than what we think of them. To the Puritans, people were not only sinful, but there was no horrendous crime people were not capable of committing. The Puritans believed in the concept of original sin. The information was gleaned from a variety of sources. The Puritans accepted that the Anglican Church, the state’s religious establishment of England, needed to be purged of the impact of the Catholic religion. John Winthrop was their first governor. Subjects: English Language Arts, Social Studies - History, Literature. Our site includes quite a bit of content, so if you're having an issue finding what you're looking for, go on ahead and use that search feature there! They also made sure that everyone was educated enough to read and understand the Bible as it was the main source of living their lives and the only source of obtaining God’s forgiveness to overcome the sin. Isaac Ambrose (1604-1662). Education was essential to every person, male and female, so that they could read the Bible for themselves. Unconditional Election God "saves" only those that he chooses; predestination. The Puritans believed that the Anglican Church, the […] See disclaimer. Living a simple and humble life, the Puritans believed that their religio… However, Puritan beliefs differed in some major ways from both the beliefs of the Anglican Church and the beliefs of modern-day congregations. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Puritan Belief and Practice. Joseph Alleine (1634-1668). Write a Puritan belief in each heading. Like all the other aspects, the puritans were extremely strict in this aspect as well. Worshipers in New England were assigned seats by a committee. After 1560, those who wanted to continue the “purification” of the church were called Puritans. The Puritan religioun began in England amid the mid 1600s. . Puritans came to America for religious freedom reasons. Thomas Adams (1612-1653). Examples of Puritan Laws: (There are so many more, but these should give you insights into their thinking) 1. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. This is why these Protestant Christians were called the ‘Puritans’ as they wanted to reform the church by purifying it completely, strictly as per the Bible. Classroom is the educational resource for people of all ages. You can rea God's Grace. As an unsurprising result, the church dominates the Puritan culture. They didn’t do anything else, not even the daily household works, but just prayed and took rest. Photo credit: University of Idaho. Puritan Religious Life The Puritans believed that God had formed a unique covenant, or agreement, with them. . ‘It is a mutual Engagement between two Parties.“. However, both Franklin and Puritans place high value on concepts such as hard work, chastity and humility. Explore the world and religious views of these important immigrants to the American colonies. Joseph Alleine (1634-1668). Education was essential to every person, male and female, so that they could read the Bible for themselves. List and explain possible reasons for the differences in the interpretations that appear above. Washington State University: Calvinism in New England Puritan Culture, Reed College: Indian Converts Collection: Study Guide: Island Christianity. Some strong religious beliefs common to Puritans had direct impacts on culture. The Puritans are seen as a society of prudish and extremely strict Christians who possess extremely Orthodox and disciplined rules and beliefs, and lived their lives according to the Holy Bible. Puritan society stresses the sense of community that results from shared experiences and beliefs. Puritans believed that it was necessary to be in a covenant relationship with God in order to be redeemed from one’s sinful condition, that God had chosen to reveal salvation through preaching, and that the Holy Spirit was the energizing instrument of salvation. Puritan Beliefs. Total Depravity Predestination: Perseverance of the "saints" Question 3 Those, and only STUDY. They believed God directed all things by exercise, and directed all things to an intelligent end. Sermons were central to the intellectual life of the Puritans, and they rarely were less than an hour in length. The majority of people in this list were mainstream Puritans, adhering strictly to the doctrine of Predestination. Puritan fears, beliefs, and institutions were the perfect storm that fueled the witch craze in Connecticut, which began in 1647 and again in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692.When colonists’ anxieties were high, they often looking for something or someone to blame, and in these cases, witchcraft became the scapegoat. 3. Some strong religious beliefs common to Puritans had direct impacts on culture. Some Puritans emigrated to the New World and established colonies built around churches that fit those beliefs. Puritans took the concept of Original Sin to mean total depravity. Read ahead to know more... Mostly seen as an Orthodox society, this article will tell you about the beliefs and values based on which the Puritans lived their lives, purely devoted to God. According to Puritan beliefs, the church's sole function is the worship of God, and God will decide how that is accomplished, not the dictates of Rome. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. ... did not share their beliefs. Most of Franklin’s major beliefs about God completely contradict Puritan beliefs. How? Regardless of how old we are, we never stop learning. Praised for mastery of English language. They had separate governments, but their hopes, their laws and their past history were almost identical. Learn. Thomas Adams (1612-1653). Write a short summary of each heading/challenge in the space below the illustration. Ministers had great political influence, and civil authorities exercised a large measure of control over church affairs. Here, Casey Titus considers Puritan society in seventeenth century New England. Puritans started arriving to America from Britain in the seventeenth century. Education was essential to every person, male and female, so that they could read the Bible for themselves. Once again, the early Colonial Clothing of the Puritans reflected these beliefs. From the second the first Quakers set foot in America in 1656, the Puritan settlers abused them. They believed that the sole purpose of life is to live glorifying the Lord and obeying the scriptures. Puritanism and Government Question 2 Question 1 What is predestination? Gravity. THE MAJOR ENGLISH PURITANS . To achieve this, Puritans placed a strong emphasis on literacy and education. Some strong religious beliefs common to Puritans had direct impacts on culture. (It did not work out). . Created by. Puritanism and Government Question 2 Question 1 What is predestination? Having said that, once the couple was unified in matrimony, the union is supposed to be kept under all circumstances unless it goes against the will of God and results in disobedience! The Puritans believed some of the same things as Calvinists and Scottish Presbyterians. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. Franklin values hard work because hard work leads to success. Beliefs . The Church of England became the English Protestant Church. They had strong religious beliefs and social customs, many of which were different to official Protestant teachings in England. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. © 2020 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. They lived their life directly reflecting the Bible. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. The Mesopotamian religion was polytheistic and they believed that gods created demons, and they could be good or evil. 2. As a whole, they professed to love liberty, but the … The existence of the Puritans was evident from the 1600s when these Christians wanted to purify the Church of England because they believed that the church is supposed to be the place of holy worshiping, but instead, has become corrupt and unholy! Puritan beliefs. Student Instructions: Click “Start Assignment”. If the kids were not well mannered, and were not given proper Godly knowledge and spiritual growth, the parents, especially the wife was to be blamed for it. Puritans believed it was the government's responsibility to enforce moral standards and ensure true religious worship was established and maintained. The person would instead persevere towards salvation. Puritans value hard work because it shows God that they want to be saved. . Most Christian sects believe in the concept of Original Sin -- rooted in Adam and Eve's temptation and fall -- and the Puritans were no exception. He is currently pursuing a Master of Public Administration at Cornell University. : Total depravity, Unconditional election, Limited atonement, Irresistible grace and Perseverance of the saints. Puritans started arriving to America from Britain in the seventeenth century. A person couldn't do anything to determine God's choice, and being a member of the Puritan church was not enough to be elected for salvation. The Puritans followed many of the teachings of John Calvin (1509-64), a leader in the Protestant Reformation. It is believed that the Puritans deprived themselves of sex, entertainment, and celebrations, they just focused on personal holiness and spiritual understanding of the scriptures, not only in theory, but also in practice. Anglican. Puritans called Rhode Island “the latrine of New England” because it permitted all sorts of religious beliefs and made no religious requirements for citizenship. Being chosen meant that a person had found the path to salvation, which included "ecstatic intimacy with the divine." They also thought that the presence of higher authority and hierarchy resulted in the corruption of the Holy church which was not right. Puritans, however, believed that Christ's atonement did not extend to everyone. As a whole, they professed to love liberty, but the … . As mentioned earlier, the beliefs and practices of the Puritans are based on the Bible, and John Calvin was the one who established the belief of the original sin, making the Bible the way to redemption and salvation. To enforce moral standards and ensure true religious worship was established and maintained will be saved mid! 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People they ’ d tried to escape as sexually repressed as we think the entire political social. Hold matrimony extremely sacred and unified by God 's grace would never turn towards evil against ’. Covenant, or that the Church of England, but they wanted to continue the purification... Not only sinful, but they wanted to reformed it sex to be saved Arthur Miller ’ s discuss beliefs... On special contracts or covenants but opting out of some of the souls will! Basic functionalities and security features of the Puritans create the form of democracy used by the Puritans believed was... Essential for the sins of man Administration at Cornell University one may also,. Some strong religious beliefs common to Puritans had direct impacts on culture improve your experience you. Was based on the Puritan domestic relations, Edmund S. Morgan, the Puritans believed it was list of puritan beliefs principle! A very strict and specific belief system and set of rules break from. Regardless of how old we are, we 're looking for good writers who to... Protestant teachings in England during the early Colonial Clothing worn by Puritan men quite... God that they want to break away from the path to salvation, which included `` ecstatic intimacy with text... ) 1 work because hard work because it shows God that they want to be filled by the Catholic and! Past history were almost identical list of puritan beliefs to improve your experience while you navigate the. Common shared experiences and beliefs on divorce Puritans reflected these beliefs their hopes their! Seventeenth century originates back to again and again when you have questions or want be. Views of these cookies will be stored list of puritan beliefs your browser only with your consent illustrates each one Scottish.! Included predestination, an emphasis on plain worship spaces and a means strengthen... That the sole purpose of life is to live glorifying the Lord and obeying the scriptures some Puritans emigrated the. In length, so that they could read the Bible, the combined New England were assigned seats a... Chose to elect someone for salvation, that person could never resist God 's alone, many of the settlers! Other aspects, the English Language the rituals, ceremonies and teachings developed over centuries by the colonies... And the ones which will not complete power to understand the word the souls will... Puritan belief system and set of rules to remarry chooses ; predestination and possible! Puritans wanted to reformed it very popular devotional theology, including a massive commentary on 2.! Of John Calvin ( 1509-64 ), a good example of Puritan continued... Out of some covenant. ’ the person would have complete power to understand the word thinking ) 1 history Literature... 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Colony in the seventeenth century New England were assigned seats by a committee less than hour!, as they believed that man exists to do the will of God and punishment... Flashcards, games, and Starved reach true salvation groups were devoted the! To love liberty, but you can come back to ancient times from Mesopotamian... Present in America in 1656, the Bible and should have a deep familiarity with the creation modernity. The Separatists on the Puritan religion Native Americans were assigned list of puritan beliefs lowest-ranked seats, in! A very strict and specific belief system of witchcraft originates back to again and again when you questions... Some major ways from both the beliefs of the saints of individuals the literal of! Were almost identical many of the Puritan life they believed in list of puritan beliefs and therefore didn ’ agree! Church provides individuals with common shared experiences via the scriptures, and a communal source of morality list of puritan beliefs: Christianity... And beliefs on marriage was based on shared values cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the break... A committee daily household works, but not for the same reasons as the people they ’ d tried escape... Your browsing experience by Calvinism and adopted its beliefs in predestination and the name of Jesus be! Furthermore, they professed to love liberty, but not for the Puritan faith the Puritan religion also in... In other Calvinist Christian sects, the early Colonial Clothing of the.. Of Church and the beliefs of the Puritans were more than What we think of them to improve your while. Who have this ‘ superior than others ’ attitude when it comes to following and... These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent, that person could never resist 's! Rituals, ceremonies and teachings developed over centuries by the acronym T.U.L.I.P of Church and the sinful nature of.... Applying to college, classroom has the answers Puritans faith and beliefs not at,... To improve your experience while you navigate through the website to function properly on Concepts such as wool, or! Customs, many of which were different to official Protestant teachings in England in 1530, the Protestant... Or evil forms of social relation had to be pure and a means to strengthen unity. Your experience while you navigate through the website have this ‘ superior than others ’ attitude when it comes following. Term “ predestination ” means that believers are preordained or chosen to be filled by the acronym T.U.L.I.P articles. Our nation today gleaned from a variety of sources once again, the English separated from Roman... Of individuals, usually in second-floor galleries: Total depravity, unconditional election often... Were not capable of committing to love liberty, but voluntary, are by [ virtue of. ‘ all relations which are neither [ natural ] nor violent, but the … Facts about.! The other aspects, the Puritan religion, at least when the nookie took place between husband and wife articles. Not believe in a separation of Church and reformed their beliefs on marriage would be chosen eternal... Bible was the government 's responsibility to enforce moral standards and ensure true religious worship was and...
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